Ad-ditions Ingredients:

Vitamin A (B-carotene and Acetate) is thought to have anti-oxidant effects that may boost immunity, improve vision, support healing, and help prevent heart disease. Believed to contain none of the possible toxic side effects of Vitamin A. (Polidori MC, Mecocci P, Stahl W, et al. Plasma levels of lipophilic antioxidants in very old patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev ; 16:15–9, 2000).

Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin. It is acquired through sunlight and fortified foods. Only a few foods naturally contain significant amounts of vitamin D, including fatty fish and fish oils. Vitamin D helps maintain normal blood levels of calcium and phosphorus, and aids in the absorption of calcium, helping to form and maintain strong bones. (DeLuca HF and Zierold C. Mechanisms and functions of vitamin D. Nutr Rev ; 56:S4-10, 1998).

Vitamin E (Acetate) is an antioxidant that acts to protect cells against the effects of free radicals, which are potentially damaging by-products of the body's metabolism. Free radicals can cause cell damage that may contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease and cancer. (Traber MG and Packer L. Vitamin E: Beyond antioxidant function. Am J Clin Nutr ; 62:1501S-9S, 1995).

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) is essential for healthy bones, cartilage and collagen synthesis. Complements the immune system during stress. (Raloff, J. Antioxidants: Confirming a heart-y role. Science News 150:6, July 6,1996 ).

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine Monohydrate) is necessary for proper metabolism of sugar and starch to provide energy. Helps maintain a healthy nervous system. Important during times of stress, and aids digestion. (Wilkinson TJ, Hanger HC, George PM, Sainsbury R. Is thiamine deficiency in elderly people related to age or co-morbidity? Age Ageing; 29:111–6, 2000).

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) is involved In the metabolism of carbohydrates, protein and fat . Important for good muscle tone, good vision, skin, hair, and nails. (B vitamins may cut heart disease risk. Harvard Health News April 1998).

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine HCL) is required for metabolism of protein and fat, amino acid synthesis, formation of red blood cells, and brain functions. (Leklem JE. Vitamin B6. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, ed. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th ed. Baltimore : Williams and Wilkins, 413-421, 1999).

Niacin (Niacinamide) is required for cell respiration; helps in the release of energy and metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins; proper circulation and healthy skin; functioning of the nervous system, and normal secretion of bile and stomach fluids. It is used in the synthesis of sex hormones, treating schizophrenia and other mental illnesses. Niacin may also help enhance memory. (Garg R, Malinow M, Pettinger M, Upson B, Hunninghake D. Niacin treatment increases plasma homocysteine levels. Am Heart J 19; 138:1082–7, 1999).

Pantothenic Acid (Calcium Pantothenate ) a B-complex vitamin, is essential for humans and animals for growth, reproduction, and normal physiological functions. It is a precursor of the coenzymes, CoA and acyl carrier protein of fatty acid synthase, which are involved in more than 100 different metabolic pathways including energy metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, and the synthesis of lipids, neurotransmitters, steroid hormones, porphyrins and hemoglobin. (Plesofsky-Vig N. Pantothenic acid. In: Shils M, ed. Nutrition in Health and Disease,. 9th ed. Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins; 423-432, 1999).

Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalmin ) is important to good health. It helps maintain healthy nerve cells and red blood cells, and is also needed to make DNA, the genetic material in all cells. Important in maintaining a healthy nervous system, including brain cells. (Bernard MA, Nakonezny PA, Kashner TM. The effect of vitamin B12 deficiency on older veterans and its relationship to health. J Am Geriatr Soc ; 46:1199-206, 1998).

Folic Acid helps synthesize nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. Necessary for red blood cell production, growth, and reproduction. (Fenech M, Aitken C, Rinaldi J. Folate, vitamin B12, homocysteine status and DNA damage in young Australian adults. Carcinogenesis ; 19:1163-71, 1998).

Biotin performs several functions in metabolism of fats and the production of energy. Helps amino acid and fatty acid synthesis and formation of DNA and RNA. ( Institute of Medicine . Dietary Reference Intakes For Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin and Choline. National Academy Press.  Washington , DC . : 220-240. 1998).

Choline Bitartrate prevents fats from accumulating in liver, and is essential for the health of the nerves, kidneys and liver. The B-Compound vitamins are essential for proper maintenance of the nervous system, proper functioning of the cell, and its energy metabolism. Mental or physical stress, as well as poor eating habits greatly increase the body's need for B Vitamins . (Blumenthal M. The Complete German Commission E Monographs, Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. American Botanical Council. 1998).

Inositol is a fundamental ingredient of cell membranes and is necessary for proper function of nerves, brain, and muscles in the body. Inositol is primarily used in the treatment of liver problems, depression, panic disorder, and diabetes. It also aids in the breakdown of fats, helps in the reduction of blood cholesterol, and helps to prevent thinning hair. (Sharnsuddin, Abulkalarnan M., "Inositol Phosphates Have Novel Anti-cancer Function," Journal of Nutrition , 125 (supp. 3;, pp. 725S-32S, 1995).

Lecithin (Soya) along with iron, iodine, and calcium aids In the digestion and absorption of fats . May aid in breaking up cholesterol and helps in preventing arteriosclerosis, Important in maintaining a healthy nervous system and aids in cleaning the liver and purifying the kidneys. Found to guard against virus infections and prevent the formation of gallstones . (Amenta F, Parnetti L, Gallai V, Wallin A. Treatment of cognitive dysfunction associated with Alzheimer's disease with cholinergic precursors. Ineffective treatments or inappropriate approaches? Mechanisms of Ageing and Development; 122(16): 2025-2040, 2001).

Calcium (Calcium Phosphate DiBasic) builds strong bones and teeth. Helps to calm nerves. Aids in insomnia and in normalizing blood clotting, along with helping regulate heartbeats. (Osborne CG, McTyre RB, Dudek J, et al. Evidence for the relationship of calcium to blood pressure. Nutr Rev ; 54:365-81, 1996).

Phosphorous (Calcium Phosphate Dibasic) is essential for utilization of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins for growth, repair of cells, and energy production. Phosphorous also plays a crucial role in skeletal growth, tooth development, kidney functions, and transference of nerve impulses. ( Galloway SD , Tremblay MS, Sexsmith JR, Roberts CJ. The effects of acute phosphate supplementation in subjects of different aerobic fitness levels. Eur J Appl Physiol ;72:224–30, 1996).

Ginkgo Biloba (Ginkgoaceae) has been the subject of hundreds of clinical studies. The preponderance of evidence suggests that ginkgo has many benefits throughout the entire body. Ginkgo is gaining recognition as a brain stimulant that enhances memory because of its positive effects on the vascular system, especially in the cerebellum. It is also used as a treatment for vertigo, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and a variety of neurological and circulatory disorders. Ginkgo may also help to counteract the effects of aging, including mental fatigue and lack of energy. Ginkgo works by increasing blood flow to the brain and throughout the body. It increases metabolism efficiency, regulates neurotransmitters, and boosts oxygen levels in the brain which uses 20% of the body's oxygen . (Blumenthal, Mark; Goldberg, Alicia; Brinckmann, Josef, Eds,; Tyler, Varro E, PhD, ScD. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. American Botanical Council, 2000).

Ginseng-Siberian is a member of the ginseng family, though it is of a different genus than other popular ginsengs such as Panax. Siberian Ginseng is an adaptogen. Its name comes from the Chinese "jen shen," which means, "man root," because some roots have limblike branches resembling arms and legs. In traditional Chinese medicine it is used as a general body tonic. It is especially valued for increasing energy, and boosting the immune system. (Murray, Michael , ND , Pizzorno, Joseph , ND . Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine, second ed. Prima Publishing, Rocklin. 1998).

Magnesium (Oxide) is needed for more than 300 biochemical reactions in the body. It helps maintain normal muscle and nerve function, keeps heart rhythm steady, and bones strong. It is also involved in energy metabolism and protein synthesis. (Rude RK. Magnesium deficiency: A cause of heterogeneous disease in humans. J Bone Miner Res ; 13:749-58, 1998).

Zinc (Oxide) is an essential mineral that is found in almost every cell. It stimulates the activity of approximately 100 enzymes. Zinc supports a healthy immune system, is needed for wound healing, helps maintain your sense of taste and smell, and is needed for DNA synthesis. (Sandstead HH. Understanding zinc: Recent observations and interpretations. J Lab Clin Med ; 124:322-327, 1994).

Copper (Chelate) aids in the formation of connective tissue, in the production of neurochemicals in the brain, and in the functioning of muscles, nerves and the immune system. Helps maintain healthy and strong arteries and veins. Copper is also vital in the building of connective tissues by combining collagen and elastin. It interacts beneficially with iron to form hemoglobin. (Jones AA, DiSilvestro RA, Coleman M, Wagner TL. Copper supplementation of adult men: effects on blood copper enzyme activities and indicators of cardiovascular disease risk. Metabolism ; 46:1380-3, 1997).

Iron (Ferrous Sulfate) is necessary for production of hemoglobin, and oxygenation of red blood cells. Iron builds up blood quality, and increases resistance as well as increasing energy production. Because the absorption of iron from plant foods is low compared to th animal foods, vegetarians need to consume twice as much iron to meet their daily requirement. (Tzonou A, Lagiou P, Trichopoulou A, et al. Dietary iron and coronary heart disease risk: Am J Epidemiol ; 147:161–6, 1998).

Iodine (Potassium Iodide) is a vital micronutrient, and the leading cause of preventable mental and developmental disabilities worldwide. Iodine helps the thyroid gland, found in the neck, produce hormones vital to development. (Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Hannon WH, et al. Iodine nutrition in the United States . Trends and public health implications: iodine excretion data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I and III (1971–1974 and 1988–1994). J Clin Endocrinol Metab ; 83:3104–8 , 1998).

Manganese (chelate) is needed for protein, carbohydrate, and fat production. Necessary for normal skeletal development. Helps maintain sex hormone production, and nourishes nerve and brain cells . (Freeland-Graves JH. Manganese: an essential nutrient for humans. Nutr Today ;23:13–9, 1989).

Potassium (Chloride) is a mineral that assists muscle contraction, and helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in body cells. Potassium is also important in sending nerve impulses as well as releasing energy from protein, fat, and carbohydrates during metabolism. (Young DB, Lin H, McCabe RD. Potassium's cardiovascular protective mechanisms. Am J Physiol ; 268, pp. 2 825-837, 1995).

Chromium (Amino Acid Chelate) is an essential nutrient that helps the body use sugar, protein, and fat. (Lukaski HC. Magnesium, zinc, and chromium nutriture and physical activity. Am J Clin Nutr ; 72, 2000).

Selenium (Amino Acid Chelate) is an important part of antioxidant enzymes that protect cells against the effects of free radicals that are produced during normal oxygen metabolism. The body has developed defenses such as antioxidants to control levels of free radicals because they can damage cells and contribute to the development of some chronic diseases. Selenium is also essential for normal functioning of the immune system and thyroid gland. (Combs GF, Jr and Gray WP. Chemopreventive agents: Selenium. Pharmacol Ther ; 79:179-92, 1998).

Molybendum (Amino Acid Chelate ) is involved in mobilizing iron from liver storage to oxidize aldehydes. It helps to remove nitrogen waste from the body through the formation of uric acid. Uric acid is a powerful anti-oxidant. Molybdenum appears to play a role in the control of ageing, and is involved in fat metabolism and energy production. Molybdenum also appears to play a role in preventing tooth decay by promoting the retention of floride. (Wuebbens MM, Liu MT, Rajagopalan K, Schindelin H. Insights into molybdenum cofactor deficiency provided by the crystal structure of the molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis protein MoaC. Structure Fold Des .;8(7): 709-718, 2000).

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA ) and Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) are the two nucleic acids found in all cells. Ribonucleic acid transfers genetic information from DNA to proteins produced by the cell. Nucleic acids contain the blueprint for cellular renewal and have been shown to slow down the aging process through their ability to reduce the effects of cellular damage caused by free oxygen radicals. The amount of RNA in the human body is depleted by lack of exercise, internal or external stress, exposure to pollutants, and poor diet. Adequate amounts of RNA and DNA in the body are essential to every aspect of good health and longevity. ( Van Buren , CT. The role of nucleotides in adult nutrition. Nutrition Journal. Jan; 124,1994).

MD Healthline Ad-ditions is a premium quality super multi-nutrient formula fortified with ginko biloba. The formulation is based on years of clinical and scientific studies, designed to offer you the maximum nutritional and anti-aging protection. It provides the daily nutrients you need, in the proper proportions, to support your good health. All MD Healthline products are manufactured in the United States under exacting health standards and regulations.